Review sheet: Chapters 11 and 12:

Using yeast cells as a model, explain how signaling molecules secreted by one cell can cause a response in another cell. (See Fig 11.1

Explain the difference between a hormone and a pheromone

Be able to explain the difference between the mechanisms of local signaling versus long distance signalilng.

List the events that happen in the three stages of cell signaling: reception, transduction, and response.

Define a G-protein

Identify the parts of a G-protein signaling pathway and explain how it works

Explain the significance of GTP and GDP in G-protein regulation.

Explain how a tyrosine kinase receptor protein works

Explain how a ligand-gated ion channel works

Describe the difference between the receptor mechanism for water soluble signal molecule, such as that used in any of the three preceding mechanisms, versus a water-insoluble signaling molecule like a steroid hormone.

Define a protein kinase

Explain how a protein kinase activates its target protein

What is the main advantage of having a multistep signaling cascade in transducing a signal?

Explain the adenyl-cyclase and cyclic AMP pathway for signal transduction.

Identify cyclic AMP from a picture

Give examples of how calcium, inositol triphosphate, and diacylglycerol could interact to be second messengers

Explain how a single signaling molecule, like epinephrine (adrenalin) can have different effects on different cells.

Define the terms listed in bold in the chapter

Explain the ways in which cell division in eukaryotes differs from that in prokaryotes

Explain how the microtubule cytoskeleton changes during cell division

Explain the roles of cyclins in regulating cell division

Explain the importance of the CDC2 gene in regulating cell division

Explain the importance of the three checkpoints in the eukaryotic cell cycle.

Give examples of some of the external factors that affect the progress of cells through the cell cycle.

Explain the events that happen in the G1, S, G2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis portions of the cell cycle.

Explain how mitosis, cytokinesis, and cell division are related